by Ezzat Ahmed Abd Elsayed, Elhag A. B and Yousif A. M
Review Article
In this current study, groundwater quality is the main hydrological problem. The study aims to define the groundwater quality in the Assessment and Evaluation of Ground water Quality in North East Wadi Halfa, Northern State, Sudan. Physical, chemical and biological analyses were carried out on 10 water samples collected from the existing wells. For investigating different cations and anions the titration, spectrophotometer and flame photometer were used. Chemical analysis shows high concentration of sulfates and nitrates. The hydrochemical classification of groundwater explained for groups: (Na+ + K+), HCO3– water, (Na+ + K+), (SO++ + Cl-) water, (Ca++ + Mg++), HCO3 – water and (Ca++ + Mg++), (SO++ + Cl-) water. Bacteriological analysis was made for 10 samples; water is free of contamination. A comparison has been made between two-water analysis in 1991 and 2019, as a result decreasing in the salts concentration in the latter. Therefore, according to the results of this study, it is recommended and guided for further pumping and continuous using of the water well in agriculture purposes.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 103-110. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-7
Pub. Date: December 01, 2021
2565 Views3 Downloads
by Blé Anouma Fhorest Yao and Emile Gneneyougo Soro
Original Research
In a context of climate change and decreasing water resources, knowledge of recent flow evolution is essential. The present study focuses on the analysis of trends and spatio-temporal evolution of the Cavally River flow. In this study, 8 hydrometric stations, including 6 on the main river (Flampleu, Ity, Toulepleu, Taï, Feté and Taté) and two tributaries (N'Cé and Niébé) of the Cavally River were selected based on the availability and quality of long-term data. Annual and monthly data from these stations cover the period from 1980 to 2016. Statistical methods and the Hanning low-pass filter are used to highlight the evolution of the annual mean discharge and the spatial distribution of the different hydrometric seasons over the period 1980-2016. Hanning low-pass filter, Mann-Kendall tests (Classic, Modified and Seasonal) and SNHT were applied to detect and analyze the significance of change over time. The results of the statistical tests and Hanning's low-pass filter show the seasonal and annual change in flows. Stations in the northern part of the basin generally had a long dry period from 1980 to 2010 and a wet period from 2011 to 2016 and those in the central part had a wet period from 1980 to 2005 and dry period from 2006 to 2016. Stations in the central part have alternating normal periods. The significant increase in runoff during the dry season and some months of the rainy season was the main reason for the increase in annual runoff due to the considerable contributions of these seasons to the total runoff volume in the Cavally basin. Based on the results of the SNHT test for detecting abrupt changes in the series, about 62% of the series show a significant break, of which 60% are ascending at the 5% to 1% significance level. All observed breaks are generally located between 2000 and 2013.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 92-102. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-6
Pub. Date: November 26, 2021
2700 Views2 Downloads
by Dr. Suman Kharel and Dr. Rajan Binayek Pasa
Original Research
This study engages with the prime objective: to examine to what extent the existing agricultural delivery practices of local government has affected the livelihood of farmers and their capacity development. Methodologically, the three Rural Municipalities were selected in terms of past performance representing each ecological belt of Province Number 1. The study applied quantitative approach as well as exit-poll and institutional survey research strategies. The 504 respondents; local elected representatives, administrative staffs, and service receivers were selected using standard sampling techniques to the structured interview. The research issues have been further interpreted through theoretical insights i.e. decentralization, new public management, and multi-level governance perspectives. The study has identified that people are expecting some larger expectations of improved service delivery in the changed perspectives of governance. After local elections, the local government units are working effectively and efficiently through the reformative administrative functions for offering good networking of agriculture service delivery practices. As a result, the integration of this sector along with other commercial activities is helpful to boost the rural economy and encourage more people including educated/skilled youths in the agriculture farming. Finally, knowledge generated from this study has greater implication on knowledge level (theoretical, methodological and constitutional), practical level (to the duty bearers and service receivers) and policy level (to the policy makers and planners working in central to local levels).
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 80-91. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-5
Pub. Date: November 23, 2021
2023 Views4 Downloads
by Toluwaleke Ajayi, Dina L.Lopez and Abiodun E.Ayo-Bali
Review Article
In southeast Ohio, Raccoon Creek Watershed (RC) has an extensive mining history resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) and subsequent environmental problems. Modeling of the discharge and chemistry of AMD impacted Hewett Fork, a tributary of Raccoon Creek, is the focus of this paper. Discharge measurements are collected by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage station at the Bolin Mills (BM) station on the main stem of RC. This data for the period 2011-2019 has been analyzed to develop a prediction model for BM discharge and subsequently use the model to predict flow and water chemistry in Hewett Fork (HF). The Neural Network Model using group method of data handling (GMDH) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) shows a variation of prediction models for BM due to parameters such as decay factor in API and ATI, as well as in the evapotranspiration input variables of the model. However, the study reveals that the GRNN model for BM is the most suitable for BM prediction based on its performance, with an r-value greater than 0.90, and its ease in predicting discharge by specifying a data set to be added to the data set for training and calibrating the network. The result of the water chemistry model using GMDH, with r values greater than 0.80 for each model, shows the input variables have a good capacity to predict chemical concentration/load in the HF stream. This study shows that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling can help to model successfully and predict flow and chemical evolution of rivers in Ohio and other parts of the world.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 63-79. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-4
Pub. Date: October 11, 2021
3590 Views21 Downloads
by A. Abdoulaye, H. C. Emvoutou, M. Diedhiou, M. S. Annadif, M. S. Hachimm and S. Faye
Original Research
Environmental isotopes were used to decipher sources of groundwater and recharge of the Quaternary aquifer in 4 regions namely, Bahr El Gazel, Hadjer Lamis, Lac and Kanem located in the North and East of the Lake Chad Basin. Four field campaigns were conducted under the IAEA/ RAF/7/011 project for a total of 89 sampling points. Samples were collected during wet and dry seasons from 2013 to 2015. Physico-chemical and isotopes analyses were performed for groundwater and rainfall data. Stable isotopes of rainfall indicated a continental or close-sea moisture origins and evaporation as the main fractionation processes occuring in the study area, as attested by the excess values and seasonal variations. The most enriched values of stable isotopes are observed in the Lac Region in the South-East (SW) and the depleted ones are seen in the Hadjer Lamis Region in the South-East (SE). On one hand, evaporation affects groundwater during rainfalls and the recharge lead to the accumulation heavy isotopes in the unsaturated zone. On another hand, mixing and diffusion processes and conservative ions indicate successive recharge events. The decrease of tritium in precipitation is consistent with the decrease of tritium contents in groundwater, showing recharge events particularly for post and recharge.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 49-62. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-3
Pub. Date: September 27, 2021
3216 Views4 Downloads
by Temitayo Oluwayinka Falola, Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju Adetoro and Olufemi Abiola Idowu
Original Research
Background and Objective: Groundwater (hand-dug wells) is the major source of water for municipal use in the Abeokuta North Local Government of Nigeria. However, there is a tendency for its quality to deviate from recommended standards as most groundwater sources are close to regions prone to erosion and most wells are not usually covered. The adverse effects might creep into the ecosystem and affect human health if a regular check on the quality is not made. Materials and Methods: The geographical location and altitude of the wells’ locations were taken using Global Positioning System (GPS). The sagging of the water drawer’s rope was indicated with a pin, the latter which was used to spot the location. Each instrument employed was inserted into the sample of water as per the procedure. The experiment was carried out at the thirty-six available sites in the region. Results: The moderate pH range (6.30-7.36) can be linked to low values of TDS (352 mg/L) and EC (695 µs/cm). Statistical Pearson correlation analysis shows a clear relationship between parameters at p<0.01 (2-tailed T-test; MSExcel); supported by a linear plot between EC and TDS, and a clustered column chart that compares EC and pH. The overall water quality index (WQI) of the parameters gives an excellent value of 17.20%.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 41-48. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-2
Pub. Date: July 08, 2021
4434 Views2 Downloads
by T. O. Ogunwale, J. A. O. Oyekunle, A. O. Ogunfowokan, A. I. Oluwalana, P. A. Ogar and K. D. Salami
Original Research
Heavy metals are native to various soils, dusts, air, sediments, water and plant constituent in various means and these relations quantify their mobility and availability. In this manuscript, the seasonal differences in contents of arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in well water within the proximity of three main chicken farms in Osun State, were studied to ascertain the ecological impacts of the chicken farming on the well water sources. Water samples taken for eight months were assayed for pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and speciation of heavy metal contents utilizing standard techniques. A column filled up with Amberlite XAD-16 resin was utilized for the quantification of metals bound to humic substances and free metal ions in the water samples. The samples were assayed for their heavy metal content utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Quality assurance techniques involved blank determination, recovery analysis and calibration of standards. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data interpretations. The content ranges of the metals were: 0.0110–0.0878, 0.0130–0.0900, 0.1124–0.5196, 17.0563-59.4264, 0.021-0.2283 and 3.0420–21.1450 µg/mL for As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, respectively. With the exception of Cu, the content ranges of all the other metals were present to be exceeded the international standards and acceptable level for drinkable water. The speciation analyzes signified that Fe and Zn were present primarily in the particulate phase, As and Cu were predominant in the humic substances phase, while Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn mainly found in the free metal ions. The free metal ions phase of Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn were found to be bio-available, and thus, could present health risks to humans and poultry bird. The contents found from the control site signified that the chicken farm activities might have impacted the well water with high heavy metal burdens.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2021, 9(2), 32-40. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-1
Pub. Date: May 30, 2021
4025 Views14 Downloads