by BADA Ali Malloum, MALOU Raymond, KODI Mahamat Mbâm and SOUK Allag Waayna
Original Research
Lake Chad is an expanse of water that supports millions of people. Its excessive narrowing, or even its total disappearance, would lead to a large migration of populations, called climatic refugees. The collections of the dynamic monitoring of the quaternary phreatic aquifers over four years, the water level induced deductions provided data on the changes in the dynamic levels of the free water table due to the variation in lake water levels. The Lake Chad region, which is an arid to sub arid territory with a Sahel-Saharan climate, where water resources are under climatic and anthropogenic pressure. If we consider a desert climate zone where rains are rather scarce, we will have more stable groundwater. The aridity does not have a major impact on the resources of the dune sands aquifer, despite the almost total absence of rainfall. Surface waters have been severely reduced due to different periods of drought [1]. The study of the dynamics of the Quaternary aquifer by infiltration of rainwater and / or Lake Chad, provide us with clarification on the exchanges between the waters and the Quaternary aquifer. The theoretical and methodological approaches have given rise to spatiotemporal fluctuations of the dynamic level. The main observations observed, that there is a hydrodynamic variation of groundwater. The relationships between the water table and the surface waters could thus be clarified. This will eventually allow for alternative use of water resources.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2017, 5(2), 41-53. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-5-2-3
Pub. Date: May 02, 2017
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by Cláudia A. Ferreira, Helena E. L. Palmieri, Maria Ângela de B. C. Menezes and Lúcia M. L. A. Auler
Original Research
This study deals with the hydrochemical characterization and water quality assessment of springs spread throughout the Iron Quadrangle (IQ) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the past these spring waters played an essential and strategic role in supplying towns with potable water. Up to this day water is used by both the local population and tourists who thrust in its quality. A total of forty-four spring water and four artesian well water samples were collected at 26 points in different municipalities of the IQ in two different surveys, March and August 2015, wet and dry seasons, respectively. These water samples were studied for 38 physico-chemical parameters: turbidity (TB), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, F-, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4-, SiO2, Fe, Li, V, Cr, Cr (VI), Co, Ni, Cu, As, Ba, Al, Mn, Zn, Sb, Cd, Mo, Se, Tl, Hg and U, as well as thermotolerant coliforms (TC). The pH value of groundwater in the study area ranges from 3.8 to 7.0, indicating the acid nature of most of the spring water samples. In these samples, Ca2+and Na+ are the major cations and HCO3- and NO3- the dominant anions. As expected, the trace metals presented the following decreasing concentrations: Fe> Ba> Al> Mn> Zn> Ni, since the IQ region is abundant in iron, aluminum and manganese minerals. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identified mixed-bicarbonate, magnesium-bicarbonate and sodium-bicarbonate as the most prevalent water types. The Gibbs plots of data from the study area indicated that the chemical composition of most spring water samples was controlled primarily by rainfall dominance. Except for some springs, groundwater in the study area are inappropriate for drinking and domestic purposes but good for animal consumption, irrigation and recreation.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2017, 5(2), 29-40. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-5-2-2
Pub. Date: March 08, 2017
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by Lila Prasad Limbu
Original Research
This study was conducted with objective of comparing the basic standard of sustainability between British Gurkha pipeline rural drinking water supply system and the Nepalese government pipeline rural drinking water supply system for reconstructing the sustainable rural drinking water supply system for rural area. So, the research article the compulsion theory of sustainability in rural drinking water project explores the causes of sustainability of rural Gurkha Welfare pipeline drinking water supply system and Weakness of Nepalese government rural pipeline drinking water supply system in Basantatar Village Development Committee in Dhankuta district. The study is mainly based on primary and secondary data which were collected by using field survey, discussion, focus group discussion, and observation methods with help of structured questionnaires and check-list. Finally, it concludes that compulsion is major element for sustainability for the rural pipeline drinking water project.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2017, 5(2), 24-28. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-5-2-1
Pub. Date: February 27, 2017
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