by Pratap Kumar Panda, Prasant Kumar Dash and Rahas Bihari Panda
Original Research
The river Salandi after its source of origin from Meghasana hill of Similipal reserve forest travels 134kms of long distance through mining belt, industrial belt, urban area, vast agricultural area and finally meets with the river Baitarani at Tinitaraf ghat before the merging with Bay of Bengal at Dhamara Port. The river during its course of journey from Similpal reserve forest to Tinitaraf ghat receives forest decayed residues from the forest area, mining discharges from the mining belt, industrial discharges from the industrial area, urban waste materials from the urban area, agricultural residues from the agricultural fields and after all domestic waste materials from the inhabitants situated on the bank of the river. In this work, water samples collected from nine different places during summer, rainy, post-rainy and winter seasons in the year 2015 and 2016 have been analysed to study the sixteen physico-chemical parameters by using standard procedures, prescribed by APHA-2012 and out of which mean and standard deviations (SD) of twelve parameters have been calculated and computed to study Water Quality Index (WQI) through Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) method in a modified manner for the year 2015 and 2016. The study reveals that water quality of both the years is marginal and belongs to class-D. Further, it is concluded that comparatively poorer water quality of the year 2016 than the year 2015 is due the higher amplitude (F3). Besides, analysis of physico-chemical parameters confirms that the river Salandi is polluted with respect to Cr(VI), iron, chloride, fluoride and pathogenic bacteria and gravity of pollution is more during rainy, post-rainy than the summer and winter seasons and pollution follows a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2020, 8(5), 237-245. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-8-5-4
Pub. Date: October 19, 2020
4030 Views294 Downloads
by Bama Nati Aïssata Delphine, Tapsoba W Aurelie Létissia, Sankara Ousseini and Soulama Issa
Original Research
Water insufficiency in the irrigation canals during the dry season in the rice-growing plain of Bama means that barely 20% of the plots is cultivated with rice during this period, causing losses of over 1,500,000. US $ per year. So, groundwater is used as an alternative by some producers without control. This study aims to assess the current use of groundwater for off-season production in blocks 5 and 7 of the Bama plain. The diagnosis was made during the 2019 dry season by means of focus group, then an individual survey in order to inventory the sinks and speculations produced. Then, around twenty large-diameter rice irrigation wells were followed to determine the volumes of water supplied. The results showed that, the small wells are mainly intended for manual irrigation of market gardening during the cold dry season and large-diameter wells for pumping rice cultivation in the hot dry season. Finally, over-irrigation of more than 2.5% of rice needs was observed.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2020, 8(5), 232-236. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-8-5-3
Pub. Date: October 13, 2020
3479 Views276 Downloads
by Afzal M. and R. Ragab
Original Research
This study was carried out on the Pang catchment as a representative of the Thames River basin in the southeast of England, UK. The basin receives an average of 690 mm rainfall per year, making it one of the driest parts of the UK. Two-thirds of the basin is permeable chalk, middle Jurassic limestones, and river gravels. The Chalk is the main aquifer in southeast England. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of climate and land-use changes on water resources. The UKCP09 climate scenarios up to 2099 were applied. The results indicated that by the 2080s, under high emission scenarios, streamflow could decrease by 37%, 32%, and 70% during summer-autumn, winter and spring, respectively while the groundwater recharge could decrease by 70% and 46% during summer-autumn and winter-spring, respectively. Increasing broadleaf forest area would reduce streamflow and groundwater recharge by 15% and 19% during spring and summer, respectively. The Reconnaissance Drought Index, RDI projected an increase in number, severity, and frequency of drought events up to the 2080s. The results of the Pang would help in future regional planning and management of the water resources in the southeast of England.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2020, 8(5), 218-231. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-8-5-2
Pub. Date: October 08, 2020
4742 Views314 Downloads
by Usongo P. Ajonina, Guy E. Ediamam, Gordon N. Ajonina and Enjongaya Z. Atiekum
Original Research
The present study aimed to calculate water quality index (WQI) through the analysis of eleven chemical parameters on the basis of the Weighted Arithmetic Index on six water sources; rain, well, stream, tap, river and spring during the dry and rainy seasons in order to assess their suitability for drinking purpose in Mbonge Marumba a peri urban area on the north eastern flank of Mount Cameroon. Water samples were collected from the field and analyzed at the nearby Ekona Research Laboratory. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test if there were any significant differences of water parameters between the water sources and season. The WHO standard was used to compare the values of the water parameters tested through the percentage variance. Results revealed that Ca2+is the most abundant cation followed by Mg2+, K+, Na+ and NH4+. The relative abundance of anions (mg/l) in different water sources were as follows: HCO3‾ > Cl‾ > NO3‾ > SO42‾ >H PO42‾. These results reflect an influence of natural processes mainly from rock weathering. A wide variation (>-80%) between the actual values and the WHO standard was observed for most parameters with the exception of pH with a variance of -32% to -34%. HCO3- showed a higher value than that of the WHO standard. It ranged from 4.9 in rain water to 66.9 in tap water while the WHO standard permissible limit is 0.1. The WQI ranged from 3,137 for rain water, during the rainy season to 42,981 for tap water during the dry season. These index values revealed that the status of the various water sources in terms of ions and cations composition in the area are unsuitable for drinking.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2020, 8(5), 211-217. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-8-5-1
Pub. Date: September 29, 2020
3687 Views327 Downloads