by Yahya H. Istaitih and Mahmoud H. Rahil
Original Research
The use of water for agricultural production in water scarcity regions requires innovative and sustainable research, and an appropriate transfer of technologies. This paper discuss some of these aspects, mainly relative to on-farm irrigation management including the use of water management practices that can enhance water efficiency, gaining an economic advantage from water unit. In some cases, the necessary knowledge has been provided against several crops and efficient water needs, helping farmers to adapt and implement viable solutions for water scarcity and profitability, thus gaining more benefits from irrigation management. Different scenarios were illustrated in this study to improve irrigation water productivity, water revenue and nutritional value of different strategic crops cultivated in open field (lentil, potato, wheat, olive and dates), and those cultivated under greenhouse conditions (tomatoes, cucumber, eggplants, green beans, sweet pepper). This study indicated that, when farmers use one cubic meter of water in producing different crops cultivated in open field, the higher productivity was indicated for potatoes and olive crops, while for the crops cultivated under greenhouse conditions, the higher productivity was gained for tomatoes then cucumber crops compared to the other investigated crops. Moreover, the highest nutrition revenue from protein by using one cubic meter of water was indicated for lentil and wheat crops comparing to the other investigated crops. Concerning the economic revenue, the highest revenue from one cubic meter of water for open field crops was gained from olive then dates crops, while for protected crops the highest revenue was gained from tomatoes then cucumber crops compared to the other investigated crops. This indicated several polices and scenarios for management of available water demand for facing water scarcity in Palestine. These scenarios aiming in maximizing water productivity, as well as, water profitability from the same unit of water, by selecting a suitable cropping patterns for optimizing crop water use efficiency, maximizing economic water productivity and improving nutritional water productivity. On this basis, more water-efficient management could combine wider productivity benefits with economic advantage for farmers.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2018, 6(5), 207-211. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-6-5-4
Pub. Date: December 04, 2018
9365 Views1105 Downloads
by Tahmina Hoq and Md. Nazmul Haque
Original Research
Water is working in a very significant role in all the sectors of sustainable developmentand therefore being responsible for numerous global and economic crises. Need exists for rapid means of assessing the "health” of water bodies in Bangladesh. This study aims to assess health indicator for aquatic lives. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were studied in the laboratory tanks of constant temperature, 28°C and were treated with K2Cr2O7 and Psedumonas, commonly found stressor in the water bodies of Bangladesh. Test animal was used to obtain tissue for conducting SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE was applied to protein samples to linearize proteins. A dominant band of 100 kDa was found in the brain, gill and intestine after c exposure. Presence of 100 kDa suggests that HSp 100 can be the ideal stress marker. The present study also indicates that the use of stress protein for biomarker is easy to use and sensitive for managing water quality to achieve SDG in Bangladesh.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2018, 6(5), 203-206. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-6-5-3
Pub. Date: November 28, 2018
7050 Views984 Downloads
by Irine Jeptum, Bancy Mbura Mati, John Mwangi Gathenya and Michael Thomas
Original Research
The water flows of Burguret River, located on the slopes of Mt. Kenya in Burguret catchment, were assessed along the profile to determine the water abstraction status. Downstream water users are faced with challenges of low river flows or no flows during the dry season which leads to a lot of conflicts arising due to the water allocation in these areas. Methods used for assessment of water abstraction included field survey visit to ascertain abstraction points details, the water users’ interviews in which convenience and random sampling methods were used. Flow duration curves, fdcs were developed from the observed river flow discharge to ascertain the water supply of Burguret River and finally Mike Hydro model was used to predict optimal flows for water allocation within Burguret catchment. Majority of upstream abstractions used gravity pipes and abstracted large amounts, 14,502 m-3day (67%) of water compared to downstream users who mostly used portable pumps and abstracted 2,696 m-3day (16%). The unofficial abstractions took place when abstractors exceed the allocated amounts. Burguret River can supply 21,953 m-3day and 10,800 m-3day during normal flows from the Naturalized and Observed fdcs respectively. The Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency, R2 was found to be 0.71 and 0.61 during calibration and validation periods respectively. This showed that the model performed well and was used to adequately simulate scenarios which yielded results after optimal allocation and the river supply stood at 15,984 m-3day which was good enough to ensure downstream and environmental flows are restored.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2018, 6(5), 189-202. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-6-5-2
Pub. Date: November 20, 2018
13092 Views1215 Downloads
by Elhag A. B, Siddig M.E. and Musa M. A.
Original Research
Due to human and human activities, the groundwater polluted. This is the severe century problem now. Thus the analysis of the water quality is critical to preserve and perfect the natural ecosystem. The primary objective of this paper is to study the groundwater quality parameters. Elhag Banaga’s diagram can understand the mechanism of chemical reactions leading to the change in the composition of groundwater and source of the dissolved ions in the groundwater. The diagram innovates not only shown the nature of given water sample graphically and dictates the relationship to other samples, but there are some different methods and schemes used to classify natural water quality, source, origin and determine their suitability for different purposes depending on the concentrations of the necessary components. The new diagram is useful for better understanding the evolution of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater that can be by plotting the concentration of major cations and anions in percentage, and itis divides the water quality into four types. The results of this analysis compared with the water quality standards of Elhag Banaga’s diagrams, 2018. (Trigonal shapes) and Piper diagram.
American Journal of Water Resources. 2018, 6(5), 186-188. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-6-5-1
Pub. Date: November 09, 2018
6700 Views1124 Downloads