American Journal of Water Resources

Climate change is expected to affect agriculture in Southeast Asia, including in Indonesia in several ways. Temporal and spatial changes of rainfall which resulted in a shift in the early of the season indicate one of the climate change phenomenon. Early rainy season turned erratic causing no certainty the time of planting. Farmers suffer losses because the plant can produce not well. Daily rainfall data in a full year observation can be used to show when the beginning planting season. The purpose of this study firstly is to find the difference between the amounts of rainfall in different density of rain gauge. Secondly is to find variations in the spatial pattern of rainfall in different density of rain gauge. Total amount of rainfall observed data in tens day, namely dasarian rainfall, from July until December 2014 to be tested using Mann-Kendall method and by ANOVA. Rainfall data is processed by Arc-GIS software presented in a map to show variation of the rainfall spatial pattern. The research results showed that average of amount of the rainfall over the same areas is significantly difference between high rain-gauge density and low rain-gauge density. Shifting the early of the rainy season occurs about two weeks up from the general pattern of rainfall on the last of October.

American Journal of Water Resources. 2015, 3(1), 22-26. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-3-1-4
Pub. Date: February 19, 2015

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Ground Water Quality Index of Patna, the Capital City of Bihar, India

by Dipu Sukumaran, Rita Saha and Rakesh Chandra Saxena

Original Research

Groundwater is the most preferred source of water in various user sectors in India on account of its near universal availability, dependability and low capital cost. The present study mainly focus on the drinking water quality index of one of the fast growing city of India, Patna. The city has a population of 58.3lakhs of people which mainly relay ground water for drinking. The ground water from fourteen stations was analysed. Even though the Water Quality Index (WQI) put the water into ‘good water’ category, none of the samples were found suitable because all the samples were found high concentration of total and faecal coliform. Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Nitrate concentrations in some stations were found above the drinking water standards.

American Journal of Water Resources. 2015, 3(1), 17-21. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-3-1-3
Pub. Date: February 17, 2015

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Some Aspects of a Historic Flooding in Nigeria and Its Effects on some Niger-Delta Communities

by Prekeyi Tawari-Fufeyin, Megbuwe Paul and Adams Omokhagbor Godleads

Original Research

In recent times, flooding has been a recurrent problem in most parts of the world. In Nigeria, there exist reports of flooding in some towns and cities during heavy downpours but none compares with the flood under review. Flood waters from Cameroun entered Nigeria through the Benue River, into the River Niger on its way to the sea. Lots of physical damages were recorded, including destruction of farmlands and houses. Economic life was halted, people displaced and some lost their lives. Although Cameroun released water from the Ladja dam between July 2nd and September 17th 2012, the waters remained in the Niger delta communities up till November 2012. In this study, towns were chosen from Bayelsa and Delta states for evaluation of the effects of the flood waters. Some physical and chemical parameters were determined, using standard methods. The results revealed that in all the communities, the flood waters were slightly acidic (5.4 – 6.9) and dissolved oxygen was high (3.9 – 6.9mg/l). The heavy metal Chromium was also high. Most of the physical and chemical parameters analyzed were higher in flood water than in Borehole and River Water but generally within allowable limits. Other challenges faced by the people included loss of houses, ponds, farmlands, traditional grounds and means of livelihood, destruction of herbs and vegetation, exposure to wild animals. Wild animals were not spared as their natural habitats were destroyed. Consequently some died, most migrated while some took shelter in abandoned houses. There was an imbalance in the ecosystem and general pollution of the affected communities. The inhabitants of the communities possibly benefitted from some positive aspects of the flood as skill acquisition centres, drugs and food were provided. There was evidence of cooperation and togetherness within the temporary camps erected for victims.

American Journal of Water Resources. 2015, 3(1), 7-16. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-3-1-2
Pub. Date: February 11, 2015

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Qualitative Effects of Sand Filter Media in Water Treatment

by Oyewo Ayobami Solomon

Original Research

Water samples were taken from three different shallow wells in Abeokuta, Ogun state Nigeria (West Africa). These wells are represented by as raw water A, B and C and were filtered using sand as filter media, sand grains of different sizes was used. The raw water was filtered with fine sand (column 1), coarse sand (Column 2) and very coarse sand (column 3), these loadings are homogenous and the fourth column contains there three sand layers. The filtered water was subjected to laboratory analysis which includes the following: pH value, TDS (Total dissolved solids), EC (Electrical conductivity), TS (Total Suspended Solid), Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Hardness and Sodium. The obtained laboratory test results were compared with W.H.O standard for highest desirable and maximum permissible. One way ANOVA and bar Chart are the statistical tools employed in analyzing the data. The fine sand homogenous filter gives the best output, and then followed by the coarse sand, and then the mixture of the sand also gives preferable outputs. The homogenous fine sand media flow rate was slower but give the best output. In situation where sand particles is very small, bed depth is very high, minimal or no chemical treatment will be required after filtration.

American Journal of Water Resources. 2015, 3(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-3-1-1
Pub. Date: January 26, 2015

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