Skip Navigation Links.
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 12 (2024)</span>Volume 12 (2024)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 11 (2023)</span>Volume 11 (2023)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 10 (2022)</span>Volume 10 (2022)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 9 (2021)</span>Volume 9 (2021)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 8 (2020)</span>Volume 8 (2020)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 7 (2019)</span>Volume 7 (2019)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 6 (2018)</span>Volume 6 (2018)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 5 (2017)</span>Volume 5 (2017)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 4 (2016)</span>Volume 4 (2016)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 3 (2015)</span>Volume 3 (2015)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 2 (2014)</span>Volume 2 (2014)
Collapse <span class="m110 colortj mt20 fontw700">Volume 1 (2013)</span>Volume 1 (2013)
American Journal of Water Resources. 2017, 5(4), 100-105
DOI: 10.12691/AJWR-5-4-2
Original Research

Performance Based Water Loss Management for Gweru, Zimbabwe

Eugine Makaya1,

1Department of Civil and Water Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Pub. Date: September 07, 2017

Cite this paper

Eugine Makaya. Performance Based Water Loss Management for Gweru, Zimbabwe. American Journal of Water Resources. 2017; 5(4):100-105. doi: 10.12691/AJWR-5-4-2

Abstract

Different water utilities use different performance indicators to assess their performance. Although these indicators are peculiar to particular situations, it is paramount that each indicator is applied consistently among utilities as this is good for benchmarking purposes. Besides being well documented, performance indicators have not been well reviewed from the perspective of developing countries. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the application of performance indicators among developing countries. Therefore this paper reviewed performance indicators for physical water loss management. The African Development Bank self-assessment matrix was applied to the City of Gweru, Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the infrastructure leakage index was used to assess the performance of the water utility. The self-assessment approach showed a 62% level of implementation of NRW strategies by the city. This means that the city was poorly managing its non-revenue water. The city had an infrastructure leakage index of 9.7. This index is in Category C of the International Water Association physical loss matrix meaning that the city was managing its non-revenue water poorly. Therefore the city must be proactive in the management of its physical water losses as well as maintain its infrastructure consistently.

Keywords

infrastructure leakage index, non-revenue water, performance indicators, water loss management

Copyright

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]  Doe H. W. 2007. Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. Master's Thesis, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden.
 
[2]  Lehmann 2010. Challenges to Water Pricing in Developing Countries: The Case of Lima, Peru Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – Germany
 
[3]  Rizzo A. 2000. Leakage Control and Unaccounted for Water Analysis. International Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas: Innovative Ways of Finding Water for Cities. Kobe, Japan, UNEP-IETC.
 
[4]  Rosegrant M. W. 1997 Water Resources in the twenty first Century: Challenges and Implications for Action: Food, Agriculture and The Environment Discussion Paper 20. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.
 
[5]  Baietti A. Kingdom, W. & Van Ginneken M. 2006. Characteristics of well performing Public Water Utilities: World Bank Water Supply and Sanitation working Note No. 9.
 
[6]  Kingdom B. Liemberger R. & Marin P. 2006. The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Developing Countries. How the Private Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting, Washington DC, The World Bank.
 
[7]  Makaya E. & Hensel O. 2014 Water distribution systems efficiency assessment indicators-Concepts and Application. International Journal of Science and Research, Volume 3 Issue 7, July 2014, 219-229.
 
[8]  Winarni W. 2009. Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) as Water Losses Indicator. Civil Engineering Dimension, Vol. 11 (2).
 
[9]  Farley M. Wyeth G. Ghazali Z. Istandar A. & Singh S. 2008. The Manager's Non-Revenue Water Handbook: A Guide to Understanding Water Losses, Washington DC, USA.
 
[10]  Farley M. 2003. Non-revenue water - International Best Practice for Assessment, Monitoring and Control Annual CWWA Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste Conference. Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas.
 
[11]  SIWI. 2008. Making Water a Part of Economic Development: The Economic Benefits of Improved Water Management and Services. Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm International Water Institute.
 
[12]  USAID & WBI. 2010. The Manager's Non-Revenue Water Handbook for Africa: A guide to understanding Water Losses, Washington DC, Development Alternatives Inc (DAI).
 
[13]  Dighade, R. R. Kadu, M. S.. & Pande A.M. 2014. Challenges in Water Loss Management of Water Distribution Systems in Developing Countries. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2014, 13838-13846.
 
[14]  Pearson D. & Trow S. 2005. Calculating Economic Levels of Leakage, Conference Proceedings, IWA Leakage 2005 Conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
 
[15]  World Bank. 2002. Policy Research Working Paper 2890 Sector Organization, Governance, and the Inefficiency of African Water Utilities.
 
[16]  IWA. 2008. IWA water balance with modified Apparent Loss component: IWA Apparent Loss Manual, London, United Kingdom, IWA Publishing.
 
[17]  Alegre H. Hirner W. Baptista J.M. & Parena R. 2000 Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. IWA Manual of Best Practice. ISBN 900222272.
 
[18]  Abebaw D. Tadesse F. & Mogues T. 2010. Access to Improved Water Source and Satisfaction with Services Evidence from Rural Ethiopia. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01044. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.
 
[19]  Lambert A. 2003. Assessing non-revenue water and its components: A practical approach. Water21, Vol. (Aug.), 51-52.
 
[20]  Mutikanga H.E. 2012. Water losss management strategies. Tools and Methods for developing Countries. PhD Thesis CRC Press/Balkema, The Netherlands.
 
[21]  Coelli T. Estache A. Perelaman S. & Trujillo L. 2003. A Primer on Efficient Measurement for Utilities and Transport Regulators, World Bank Institute, Washington, D.C, USA.
 
[22]  Rizzo A. Pearson D. Stephenson M. & Harper N. 2004 Apparent water loss control: A practical approach. IWA Water Loss Task Force Water21, Vol. 6(3).
 
[23]  AWWA 2003. Committee report: Applying worldwide BMPs in water loss control. Journal AWWA, 95 (8), 65-79.
 
[24]  Lambert A. O. Brown T. G. Takizawa M. & Weimer D. 1999. "A review of performance indicators for real losses from water supply systems." Aqua-Journal of Water Services Research and Technology, 48 (6), 227-237.
 
[25]  Balkaran C. & Wyke G. 2002. Managing Water Loss: Strategies for the Assessment, Reduction and Control of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Trinidad and Tobago.
 
[26]  Lambert A. & Taylor R. 2010. Water Loss Guidelines, New Zealand, Water New Zealand.
 
[27]  Water Loss Group. 2005. IWA Task Force: Best Practice Performance Indicators for Non-Revenue Water and Water Loss Components: A Practical Approach, Halifax.
 
[28]  Lambert A. O. 2002. International report: Water losses management and techniques. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Vol. 2 (4), 1-20.
 
[29]  Liemberger R. Brothers K. Lambert A. Mckenzie R. S. Rizzo A. & Waldron T. 2007 Water Loss Performance Indicators: Proceedings of IWA Specialised Conference Water Loss 23th-26th September, 2007. Bucharest-Cyprus, London, IWA Publishing.
 
[30]  McKenzie R.S. Wegelin W.S. Meyer N. & Buckle H. 2002. United Nations Habitat and Rand Water: Water Demand Management Cookbook, Pretoria, South Africa.
 
[31]  Liemberger R. 2002. Do You Know How Misleading the Use of Wrong Performance Indicators can be? IWA Specialised Conference, Leakage Management - A Practical Approach, Cyprus, November 2002, Conference Proceedings, ISBN 9963875904.
 
[32]  Frauendorfer R. & Liemberger R. 2010. The issues and challenges of reducing non-revenue water. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2010.
 
[33]  Makaya E. 2016. Water loss management strategies for developing countries. Understanding the dynamics of water leakages. PhD Thesis, University of Kassel, Germany.
 
[34]  Simbeye I. 2010. Managing Non-Revenue Water. NRW-Sourcebook for Trainers. WAVE Pool. InWEnt.
 
[35]  CSO 2012. Zimbabwe Population Census Provincial Report Midlands (2012). Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Harare.
 
[36]  Matsa M. 2012. Urban Services Delivery in Limbo: A Provisional Assessment of Gweru’s Water Supply System. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A1 (2012) 993-1002.
 
[37]  Africa Development Bank. 2011. Self-Assessment Matrix on Non-Revenue Water. Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia, African Development Bank.
 
[38]  Fanner P. 2004. Assessing Real Losses, including Component Analysis and Economic Considerations: A Practical Approach. Water21 Article No 6, IWA Publishing, London.
 
[39]  Liemberger R. 2005. Real Losses and Apparent Losses and the new W392 Guidelines from Germany. Paper presented at the International Water Association Specialist Workshop, Radisson Resort, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia. 24 February 2005.