Occurrence, Detection and Defluoridation of Fresh Waters

Bhavtosh Sharma^1, , Prashant Singh², Rajendra Dobhal³, V.K. Saini⁴, Manju Sundriyal¹, Shashank Sharma⁵ and S.K. Khanna¹

¹Uttarakahnd Science Education & Research Centre (USERC), Dehradun – 248006, Uttarakhand, India

²Department of Chemistry, DAV Post Graduate College, Dehradun – 248001, Uttarakhand, India

³Uttarakhand Council for Science & Technology, Vigyan Dham, Jhajhara, – 248 007, Uttarakhand, India

⁴School of Environment & Natural Resources (SENR), Doon University, Kedarpur, Dehradun- 248 001, Uttarakhand, India

⁵Department of Chemistry, JMIETI (Kurukshetra University), Radaur– 135133, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India

Cite this paper

Bhavtosh Sharma, Prashant Singh, Rajendra Dobhal, V.K. Saini, Manju Sundriyal, Shashank Sharma and S.K. Khanna. Occurrence, Detection and Defluoridation of Fresh Waters. American Journal of Water Resources. 2017; 5(1):5-12. doi: 10.12691/AJWR-5-1-2

Abstract

The fluoride is an essential nutrient for human beings which occur in the surface as well as in groundwater. In surface water, it reaches due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources but in groundwater, it mainly comes from geogenic sources. Authorities like World Health Organization (WHO), United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and Bureau of India Standard (BIS) have provided guidelines regarding the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. A higher fluoride concentration in drinking water results in fluorosis. Therefore, the understanding of fluoride occurrence, its detection and removal from drinkable water is the urgent requirement. The chemical behavior of fluoride, the reasons for fluoride concentration in groundwater, the fluoride detection methods, and some case studies on the occurrence of fluoride in fresh water bodies of Uttarakhand are summarized. The effectiveness of different techniques for removal of fluoride from water samples has been reviewed.

Keywords

fluoride, freshwater, detection methods, Uttarakhand, India, defluoridation, material

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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