Yashvant Das. Water Balance and Climatic Classification of a Tropical City Delhi - India.
. 2015; 3(5):124-146. doi: 10.12691/AJWR-3-5-1
water balance model, moisture indices, climatic classification, semiarid, Delhi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
[1] | Andrieu, H., Chocat, B. (2004): Introduction to the special issue on urban hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 299 (3–4), 163-165. |
|
[2] | Ashby, W.C., Fritts, H.C. (1972): Tree growth, air pollution, and Climate near La Porte, Ind. Bull. Amer. Metreol., Soc., 53, 246-251. |
|
[3] | Aston, A. (1977): Water resources and consumption in Hong Kong. Urban Ecol., 2, 327-353. |
|
[4] | Atkinson, S. E., Woods, R. A., Sivapalan, M. (2002), Climate and landscape controls on water balance model complexity over changing timescales. Water Resour. Res., 38(12), 1314. |
|
[5] | Baik, J.-J., Kim, J.-J. (1999): A numerical study of flow and pollutant dispersion characteristics in urban street canyons. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 1576-1589. |
|
[6] | Beebe, R.C.,. Morgan, Jr., G. M (1972): Synoptic analysis of summer rainfall periods exhibiting urban effects. Preprints conf. On urban environ. and second conf. Biometeorol. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 173-176. |
|
[7] | Bell, F.C. (1972): The acquisition, consumption and elimination of water by Sydney urban system. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 7,160-176. |
|
[8] | Bhaskar, A. S., Welty, C. (2012): Water Balances along an Urban-to-Rural Gradient of Metropolitan Baltimore, 2001-2009. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, 37-50. |
|
[9] | Budyko, M. I. (1974): Climate and Life, Elsevier, New York. |
|
[10] | Budyko, M.I. (1982): The Earth’s Climate: Past and future. Academic Press Inc. London, 307 pp. |
|
[11] | Campbell, T. (1982): La ciudad de Mexico como ecosistema. Ciencias Urbanas, 1, 28-35. |
|
[12] | Changnon, S.A. Jr. (1968): The Laporte anomaly – fact or fiction? Bull Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 49, 4-11. |
|
[13] | Changnon, S.A. Jr., Huff, F.A., Semolina, R.G. (1971): METROMEX: an investigation on inadvertent weather modification. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 52, 958-967. |
|
[14] | Changnon, S.A. Jr., Semolina, R.G., Lowery, W.P.(1972): Inadvertent modifications of urban environments. Preprints conf. urban environs. and second conf. Biometeorol., Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 165-172. |
|
[15] | Changnon, S.A.Jr. (1970): Reply, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 51, 337-343. |
|
[16] | Changnon, S.A.Jr. (1971): Comments on the effect on rainfall of a large steel works. J. Appl. Metreol., 10, 165-168. |
|
[17] | Changnon, S.A.Jr. (1972): Urban effect on thunderstorm and hailstorm frequencies. Conf. on urban environ. and second conf. on Biometeorol., Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 177-184. |
|
[18] | Das, Y. (2002): Spatial and temporal distribution of radiation/energy/moisture budgets over Delhi, Ph.D. Thesis, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India, 125. |
|
[19] | Das, Y., Padmanabhamurty, B., Murty, A.S.N. (2009): Energy and water balance studies in the boundary layer over Delhi (India). Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, 39 (2), 163-185. |
|
[20] | Eagleman, J. R. (1967): Pan evaporation, potential and actual evaporation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 6 (3), 482-488. |
|
[21] | Farmer, D., Sivapalan, M., Jothityangkoon, C. (2003): Climate, soil, and vegetation controls upon the variability of water balance in temperate and semiarid landscapes: Downward approach to water balance analysis. Water Resour. Res., 39(2), 1035. |
|
[22] | Givoni, B. (1969): Man, Climate and Architecture. Elsevier Pub.Co. Ltd. 364. |
|
[23] | Grimmond, C.S.B., Oke, T. R., Styen, D.G. (1986): Urban water balance I: A model for daily totals. Water Resources Research, 22, 1397-1403. |
|
[24] | Grimmond, C.S.B., Oke, T.R (2002): Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas: observations and a Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 41, 792-810. |
|
[25] | Grimmond, C.S.B., Oke, T.R. (1986): Urban water balance-II: Results from a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia. Water resource research, 22, 10, 1404-1412. |
|
[26] | Grimmond, C.S.B., Oke, T.R. (1999): Evapotranspiration rates in urban areas. Impacts of Urban growth on surface water and groundwater quality (Proceedings of IUGG '99 Symposium HS5, Birmingham, July 1999). IAHS Publ, no. 259. |
|
[27] | Hidore, J.F. (1971): The effects of accidental weather on the flow of the Kankakee River. Bull Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 52, 99-103. |
|
[28] | Holzman, B.G. (1971b): More on the La Porte fallacy (with reply by Hidore). Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 52, 572-574. |
|
[29] | Holzman, B.G., Thom, H.C.S. (1970): The La Porte precipitation anomaly. Bull. Amer. Metreol. Soc., 51, 335-337. |
|
[30] | Huff, F.A., Changnon Jr. S.A. (1972a): Inadvertent precipitation modification by major urban area. Proc. Third conf. Weath. Modf., Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 73-78. |
|
[31] | Kyuma, K. (1971): 'Climate of South and Southeast Asia According to Thornthwaite's Classification Scheme. Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto), .9 (1): 1 36 1 58. |
|
[32] | Kyuma, K. (1972): Numerical Classification of the Climate of South and Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto), 9 (4): 502-521. |
|
[33] | Landsberg, H.E. (1972): Inadvertent atmospheric modifications through urbanization. Tech. Note No. BN 741, Instit. Fluid Dyn. Appl. Math., Univ. Maryland, 73. |
|
[34] | Leao, S. (2014): Mapping 100 Years of Thornthwaite Moisture Index: Impact of Climate Change in Victoria, Australia. Geographical Research, 52 (3), 309-327. |
|
[35] | Legates, D.R., McCabe, G.J. (2005): A re-evaluation of the average annual global water balance: Physical Geography, v. 26, 467-479. |
|
[36] | Leopold, L. B. (1968): Hydrology for Urban Land Planning—A Guidebook on the Hydrologic Effects of Urban Land Use: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular, 554, 18. |
|
[37] | Lindh, G. (1978): Urban hydrological modeling and catchment research in Swede. [In Research on Urban Hydrology], Edited by B. McPherson, 2 229-265. UNESCO, Paris. |
|
[38] | Lull, H.W., Sopper, W.E. (1969): Hydrologic effects from urbanization of forested watersheds in the Northeast, USDA, Forest Service Research Paper, NE-146, 31. |
|
[39] | L'vovich, M.I., Chernogayeva, G.M. (1977): Transformation of the water balance within the city of Moscow. Sov. Geogr., 18, 302-312. |
|
[40] | Maruyama, E. (1978): Fluctuation of Paddy Yield and Water Resources in Southeast Asia. In: Climatic Change and Food Production (Eds.K. Takahashi and M. M. Yoshin), 155-166. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. |
|
[41] | Mather, J.R. (1974): Climatology: Fundamental and Application. McGraw-Hill Book Company. USA. |
|
[42] | McCabe, G.J., Markstrom, S.L. (2007): A monthly water-balance model driven by a graphical user interface: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File report -1088, 6. |
|
[43] | Moore, W.L. Morgan, C.W (1969): Effects of watershed changes on Stream flow, Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. |
|
[44] | Muller, R.D. (1968): Some effects of urbanization on runoff as evaluated by Thornthwaite water balance models. Proc. 3rd. Ann. Conf. Amer. Water Resources Asso. 245. |
|
[45] | Novotny, V. (1995): Non-point pollution and Urban Stormwater Management. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA. |
|
[46] | Ogden, T.L. (1969): The effect of rainfall on a large steel works. J. Appl. Meteorol, 8, 585-591. |
|
[47] | Padmanabhamurty, B. (1981): Inadvertent modification of water balance- A problem of urban hydrology. Vayu Mandal, 36-39. |
|
[48] | Padmanabhamurty, B. (1994): 'Urban-rural energy and moisture balance studies': Final Report on DST Project. Ref. No. ES/63/018/86., (Govt. of India). |
|
[49] | Padmanabhamurty, B. (1999): ' Spatial and temporal variations of radiation, energy and moisture budgets in the boundary layer at Delhi': Final Report on DST Project. Ref. No. ES/48/319/95, (Govt. of India). |
|
[50] | Padmanabhamurty, B., Satyanarayana, C.V.V. Rao., Dakshinamurti, J. (1970): On the water balances of some Indian stations. Journal of Hydrology, 11, 169-184. |
|
[51] | Penman, H.L. (1948): Natural evaporation from open waters, bare soil and grass. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A 193, 120. |
|
[52] | Pushpam, (2004): Ecosystem Services of Floodplains: An Exploration of Water Recharge Potential of the Yamuna Floodplain for Delhi. Paper Presented at the conference on Market Development of Water & Waste Technologies through Environmental Economics, 28th-29th May 2004, Paris. |
|
[53] | Rahimi, S., Sefidkouhi, M.A.G, Raeini-Sarjaz, M. Valipour, M. (2015f): Estimation of actual evapotranspiration by using MODIS images (a case study: Tajan catchment. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(5), 695-709. |
|
[54] | Rao, K.N., George, C. J., Ramasastri, K.S. (1976): The climatic water balance of India. Vol. XXXII, Part II, (IMD, Publication). |
|
[55] | Sankarasubramanian, A., Vogel, R.M.(2002): Annual hydroclimatology of the United States. Water Resour. Res., 38(6), 1083. |
|
[56] | Schaakel, J.C. Jr. (1972): Water and the city; in urbanization and Environment, Detwyler, T.R. and M.G. Marcus (eds.), Duxbury Press, 97-134. |
|
[57] | Shepherd, J. M. (2005): A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future: Earth Interactions, 9, 1-27. |
|
[58] | Subrahmanyam, V.P. (1982): Water balance and its application. (With special reference to India). Monograph, Andhra University Press, Waltair, Visakhapatnam, India, 102. |
|
[59] | Thornthwaite, C.W. (1948): An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate. Geog. Rev., 38: 55-94. |
|
[60] | Thornthwaite, C.W. Mather, J.R (1955): Water balance publication in climatology. Drexel Ins. of Tech., 8(1). |
|
[61] | Trauth, R., Xanthopoulos, C. (1997): Non-point pollution of groundwater in urban areas. Water Research, 31, 2711-2718. |
|
[62] | Valipour, M. (2014a): Analysis of potential evapotranspiration using limited weather data. Appl. Water Sci.. |
|
[63] | Valipour, M. (2014b): Application of new mass transfer formulae for computation of evapotranspiration. Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research,2(1), 33-46. |
|
[64] | Valipour, M. (2014c): Importance of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for calculation of reference evapotranspiration. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(2). |
|
[65] | Valipour, M. (2014d): Investigation of Valiantzas’ evapotranspiration equation in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 121(1-2), 267-278. |
|
[66] | Valipour, M. (2015a): Study of different climatic conditions to assess the role of solar radiation in reference crop evapotranspiration equations. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(5), 679-694. |
|
[67] | Valipour, M. (2015b): Calibration of mass transfer-based models to predict reference crop evapotranspiration. Appl Water Sci. |
|
[68] | Valipour, M. (2015c): Comparative Evaluation of Radiation-Based Methods for Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 20(5):04014068. |
|
[69] | Valipour, M. (2015d): Evaluation of radiation methods to study potential evapotranspiration of 31 provinces. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 127(3), 289-303. |
|
[70] | Valipour, M. (2015e): Temperature analysis of reference evapotranspiration models. Meteorological Applications, 22(3), 385-394. |
|
[71] | Valipour, M. Eslamian, S. (2014e): Analysis of potential evapotranspiration using 11 modified temperature-based models. Int. J. of Hydrology Science and Technology, 4(3)192-207. |
|
[72] | Watkins (1963): Research on surface –water drainage. Proc. Instit. Civil Engin., 24, 305-330. |
|
[73] | Wolock, D. M., McCabe, G. J. (1999): Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States. Clim. Res., 11, 149-159. |
|
[74] | Woods, R. (2003): The relative roles of climate, soil, vegetation and topography in determining seasonal and long-term catchment dynamics. Adv. Water Resour., 26, 295-309. |
|